Epidemiological characteristics of cholera in Singapore, 1992-2007.

نویسندگان

  • Chia Siong Wong
  • Li Wei Ang
  • Lyn James
  • Kee Tai Goh
چکیده

INTRODUCTION We carried out an epidemiological review of cholera in Singapore to determine its trends and the factors contributing to its occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Epidemiological data of all notified cases of cholera maintained by the Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, for the period 1992 to 2007 were collated and analysed. Case-control studies were carried out in outbreaks to determine the source of infection and mode of transmission. Linear patterns in age and ethnic distribution of cholera cases were assessed using chi2 test for trend. RESULTS There were a total of 210 cholera cases reported between 1992 and 2007. The incidence of cholera declined from 17 cases in 1992 to 7 cases in 2007. About a quarter of the cases were imported from endemic countries in the region. Between 76% and 95% of the reported cases were local residents. Four elderly patients with comorbidities and who sought medical treatment late died, giving a case-fatality rate of 1.9%. Vibrio cholerae 01, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, accounted for 83.8% of the cases. The vehicles of transmission identified in outbreaks included raw fi sh, undercooked seafood and iced drinks cross-contaminated with raw seafood. CONCLUSION With the high standard of environmental hygiene and sanitation, a comprehensive epidemiological surveillance system and licensing and control of food establishments, cholera could not gain a foothold in Singapore despite it being situated in an endemic region. However, health education of the public on the importance of personal and food hygiene is of paramount importance in preventing foodborne outbreaks. Physicians should also maintain a high level of suspicion of cholera in patients presenting with severe gastroenteritis, especially those with a recent travel history to endemic countries.

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Trends in importation of communicable diseases into Singapore.

INTRODUCTION Singapore is a transition country in Southeast Asia that is both vulnerable and receptive to the introduction and re-introduction of imported communicable diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS For a 10-year period between 1998 and 2007 we studied the trend, epidemiological characteristics, proportion of imported versus local transmission of malaria, viral hepatitis (hepatitis A and E),...

متن کامل

The economic impact of the cholera epidemic, Peru, 1991.

A summary is presented of some of the results of a study designed to determine the economic impact of the cholera epidemic in Peru. The study was carried out by economists Margarita Petrera, principal investigator, and Maibí Montoya, assistant investigator, sponsored by PAHO/WHO upon request of the Peruvian Multisectoral Commission for the Campaign Against Cholera.

متن کامل

A five years study on the epidemiological approaches of Cholera in Iran

Background: Cholera is considered a key indicator of social development but still is reported in various cities of Iran. The present study aimed to analyze the available information regarding cholera outbreaks since 2010 in Iran. Methods: All cases reported to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Ministry of Health and Education who had been confirmed as cholera cases by the Heal...

متن کامل

[Validation of clinical and epidemiological diagnosis criterion for confirming cholera].

OBJECTIVE To validate the clinical and epidemiological diagnosis criterion for confirming cholera suspect cases. METHODS The study comprised 2,687 and 716 patients admitted with diarrhea to a public hospital in Macei , Brazil, in 1992 and 1997 respectively. Culture of V. cholerae O1 (Koch, 1884) in TCBS-agar was performed and the clinical and epidemiological criterion was applied and compared...

متن کامل

Non-agglutinable vibrios causing cholera-like disease in Singapore.

Five strains of non-agglutinable or NAG vibrios have been isolated from stool cultures of patients with cholera -like disease. They resembled the true cholera vibrios culturally, but were inagglutinable by the cholera O -group antisera or the rough anti -cholera serum. The vibrios were sensitive to most of the antibiotics tested. Immunological studies showed that the five strains belonged to th...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:
  • Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore

دوره 39 7  شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2010